Unveiling the Enduring Power of the Forty Five Seventy
The rumble of the 45 70 still echoes through the canyons of the American West. A cartridge steeped in history, born of military necessity, and reborn as a favorite among hunters and shooting enthusiasts, the 45 70 remains a powerful and versatile round. Whether you are seeking to relive a piece of Americana, hunt large game, or simply enjoy the satisfying experience of sending a heavy bullet downrange, understanding how to handload this classic cartridge is an essential skill. This article provides a comprehensive guide to reloading the 45 70, with a specific focus on utilizing data from the Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading, a respected source for reloading information.
The allure of handloading goes beyond mere cost savings. It allows for unparalleled customization, enabling shooters to tailor loads to their specific rifles and desired performance. Handloading lets you tweak bullet weights, powder types, and overall cartridge lengths to achieve the pinpoint accuracy and terminal ballistics necessary for any application. It fosters a deeper understanding of the intricate dance of combustion and projectile flight. Before we proceed, it’s crucial to emphasize a point of paramount importance: *Safety is paramount.* Always follow the instructions in the Hornady manual, and always work in a well-ventilated area with safety glasses and hearing protection. This is not a hobby to be taken lightly.
A Look Back at History
The story of the 45 70 is a tale of rugged practicality. Born from the need for a powerful, reliable cartridge for the U.S. Army, it quickly became a workhorse of the American frontier. Its initial service in the Springfield Model 1873, affectionately nicknamed the “Trapdoor,” established the 45 70’s reputation for stopping power. The cartridge was capable of delivering a heavy bullet with considerable force, and its flat trajectory made it accurate even at extended ranges.
Understanding the Basics
The 45 70’s specifications are straightforward but impactful. It features a .458-inch diameter bullet propelled from a case that’s approximately two and a half inches long. The cartridge’s inherent design lends itself well to various action types. While historically paired with single-shot rifles like the Sharps, it is also found in lever-action firearms, such as the iconic Winchester Model 1886 and modern variations. Today, the 45 70 also finds a home in bolt-action rifles, offering an increased level of accuracy and the potential for even more potent loads.
Action Type Considerations
Crucially, the power of the 45 70 demands responsible handloading practices. Different rifle actions have varying strengths. A load that’s safe and effective in a modern bolt-action may be disastrous in an older lever-action. Always ensure that your loads are appropriate for your firearm. If you are unsure, consult a gunsmith experienced with the 45 70 or refer to the specifications from your rifle’s manufacturer.
Choosing the Right Components for Success
Successful handloading hinges on selecting the right components. The interplay between bullet, brass, primer, and powder determines the final performance. Let’s delve into each of these elements, starting with bullets.
Bullet Selection: Hornady’s Offerings
First, choosing the correct projectile is critical. Hornady, a well-respected name in the shooting world, provides a wide range of bullets for the 45 70. Their offerings include projectiles designed for hunting and target shooting. Hornady’s XTP (Extreme Terminal Performance) bullets are known for their reliable expansion and controlled penetration, making them a favorite among hunters. FTX (Flex Tip eXpanding) bullets often feature a polymer tip that improves ballistic coefficients, leading to flatter trajectories and increased downrange energy. InterLock bullets, with their mechanical locking rings, ensure that the bullet’s core and jacket stay together, providing excellent weight retention and penetration.
Bullet Weight and Intended Use
The appropriate bullet weight depends on the intended use. Heavier bullets, typically in the 300-405 grain range or even heavier, provide greater sectional density and enhanced penetration, making them ideal for large game. Lighter bullets can be used for target practice, offering flatter trajectories and potentially reduced recoil.
Brass Preparation: A Foundation of Quality
The foundation of a quality round is a properly prepared case. Start by carefully examining your brass. Inspect each case for dents, cracks, or other signs of damage, and discard any that are compromised. Before reloading, the brass should be cleaned to remove any residue and ensure optimal chambering. The brass must be sized to ensure the bullet will properly chamber in your rifle. Trim the case to the specified length, following Hornady’s guidelines. Consistent case length is crucial for accuracy and consistent performance. Deburring and chamfering the case mouth will also ensure a smooth bullet seating process. Finally, the case neck needs to be properly tensioned to secure the bullet firmly. This neck tension helps prevent bullet movement during recoil, which can negatively affect accuracy.
Primers: The Ignition Source
Primers play a vital role in the ignition process. A standard large rifle primer is typically appropriate for the 45 70. Choosing the correct primer is an integral part of the reloading process. Carefully follow the recommendations from your reloading manual; primers can significantly affect pressure and performance.
Powder Selection and Burn Rate
Powder is the driving force behind the bullet. There are several smokeless powder options suitable for the 45 70. The Hornady manual will provide specific recommendations for powders. Powder burn rates are a key consideration. The burn rate dictates how quickly the powder combusts, which directly affects the pressure curve and the resulting velocity. Always use the powder specified in the Hornady manual for the specific bullet and case you are using. *Never* substitute powder without referencing reliable loading data.
Extracting Data from the Hornady Handbook
Remember: The information presented below is illustrative. *Always* consult the current Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading for the most precise and up-to-date data. Reloading data can change due to component variations and advancements in powder technology. It is your responsibility to use the manual and double-check every load.
Example Data: 300-grain XTP and IMR 4198
Let’s assume, for example, you are reloading the Hornady 300-grain XTP bullet. The Hornady manual may offer data using powders like IMR 4198.
Here is an example of the kind of information you might find. Again, it is important to stress that these numbers are examples; you *must* reference the Hornady manual for the most current information:
- Bullet: Hornady 300 gr XTP
- Powder: IMR 4198
- Primer: Large Rifle (Example: CCI)
- Case: [Brand of case used for data, e.g., Hornady]
- Bullet Diameter: .458 inches
- Start Load: 48.0 grains IMR 4198, approximately 1700 feet per second (fps)
- Max Load: 54.0 grains IMR 4198, approximately 1950 fps
- Test Barrel Length: 24 inches
- Cartridge Overall Length (COL): 2.550 inches
The Hornady manual will present similar data for other Hornady bullets in various weights, along with powder recommendations, primer types, and starting/maximum loads. It also will usually include cartridge overall length (COL), which is the total length of the assembled cartridge. Paying attention to the COL will assure that the cartridge fits and functions in the firearm. The manual will also indicate which powders and primers were used for testing.
The Reloading Process Unveiled
The reloading process requires precision, attention to detail, and adherence to established safety procedures.
Case Preparation: The First Step
Case preparation, discussed previously, is the critical first step. After the cases are properly prepared, the next step is to prime the cases. This involves inserting a fresh primer into the primer pocket.
Powder Charging: Accuracy is Key
Carefully measure the powder charge using a high-quality scale. Accuracy is paramount. A slight variation in powder charge can significantly affect pressure and velocity. Powder dispensing can be done with a powder measure. Verify the powder charge. Double-check your work before proceeding.
Bullet Seating and Crimping
Next, seat the bullet. This process places the bullet into the case mouth. This step must be performed with the utmost care; using the incorrect COL can damage your rifle. The Hornady manual will specify the proper COL for each bullet. Crimping secures the bullet in place, prevents it from moving during recoil, and can help maintain consistent pressures. For the 45 70, a roll crimp is commonly used.
Final Inspection
Finally, inspect each loaded round. Look for any visual defects, such as improperly seated bullets, bulges, or insufficient crimps. Make sure the cases are properly prepared and that all the components were correctly installed.
Testing and Refining Your Loads
Reloading is an iterative process. It requires testing and refining your loads to achieve the desired results.
Starting with the Minimum Charge
Begin with the minimum recommended powder charge from the Hornady manual. Gradually increase the powder charge in small increments, carefully observing for signs of excessive pressure. Flattened primers, difficult bolt extraction, and bulging cases are all indicators of excessive pressure. If any of these signs appear, immediately cease increasing the powder charge and consult your manual.
Accuracy Testing and Target Practice
Accuracy testing should be done at the range. Fire groups of bullets from a supported position at a specific target distance. This distance should be consistent for each set of loads. Adjust the charge weight or COL if the accuracy is poor.
Velocity Testing with a Chronograph
Velocity testing using a chronograph is an important step in the process. This provides valuable data on the bullet’s velocity. Track velocity fluctuations as you increase the powder charge.
Importance of Record Keeping
Maintain a detailed reloading log, documenting all of your loads, including the bullet type, powder, primer, case, COL, powder charge, velocity, and observed accuracy. This log is an invaluable resource for future reloading efforts.
Maintaining a Secure Environment
Always treat your reloading area as a secure workspace. The utmost caution must be observed with reloading equipment. The following safety precautions should be followed religiously:
- Always follow the Hornady manual.
- Wear safety glasses and hearing protection.
- Work in a well-ventilated area.
- Never exceed maximum loads.
- Properly store all powder and primers.
- Always inspect cases before reloading.
- Regularly inspect your rifle.
The Enduring Legacy of Handloading and the 45 70
Reloading the 45 70 provides a unique connection to history. It allows you to harness the full potential of a classic cartridge, customizing loads for optimal performance and enjoyment. It is a process that encourages precision, attention to detail, and a deeper understanding of firearms.
The 45 70’s enduring appeal lies in its versatility, power, and the sheer joy of sending a large-caliber bullet downrange. When armed with the data and safety guidance provided by the Hornady handbook, handloading the 45 70 is a rewarding and fulfilling experience.
Remember: Practice safe reloading techniques and always prioritize your safety. Reloading is a skill that takes practice, patience, and attention to detail. Enjoy the process, appreciate the heritage, and be safe.
